To Obey or Disobey Free Essays

Obedience is an age old expectation that rulers, priests, and government officials have required for years from their subjects. Most of the time individuals follow their leaders without question. This is the case because the population from which obedience is required believes that they continue to have a choice. We will write a custom essay sample on To Obey or Disobey or any similar topic only for you Order Now When, for whatever reason this belief is lost, some individuals will begin to exhibit an increasing disobedience to the requirement. This often increases to the point of violence or, the case of a country, war. While there are all types of disobedience, this paper will discuss civil disobedience and the social pressure often associated with it. A good example of this type of cycle can be found in the historical background of the United States. When the United States was first populated by Europeans it was a colony of Great Britain. Over the course of several decades, the British king imposed a series of taxes on the colonists. Most colonists felt that they were being taxed without any representation. Over the course of approximately 15 years the protests against the taxes became increasing violent until the Continental Congress was formed in 1775 (History Central). With Thomas Jefferson serving as the writer, the Declaration of Independence was drafted by the Congress and sent to the King of England. In it, Jefferson wrote, Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security (Ushistory) The Revolutionary War was fought and freedom from British rule was won. Today the population of the United States is expected to pay taxes. The difference is that people believe the choice is theirs because of our representative form of government. In the mid 1800s, Henry David Thoreau introduced a new concept that has greatly influenced individuals and groups desiring change since then. Thoreau spent several years living in a simple cabin near Walden Pond in Massachusetts. During this time the United States still allowed slavery. Thoreau was opposed to this. He refused to pay taxes as a form of protest. His explanation evolved into an essay entitled â€Å"Civil Disobedience†. Basically Thoreau felt that an individual should not support by any means a government that was engaging in acts of which the individual did not agree. He felt that the individual should be willing to suffer the consequences of his disobedient act, however he/she should never take a violent stand in defense of his/her belief (Williams). Today â€Å"Civil Disobedience† is considered to be the basis of several modern nonviolent resistance movements. â€Å"It is known to have been an inspiration to Mohandas Gandhi, who led the passive resistance movement for the liberation of India from British colonial rule. Thoreau’s ideas also influenced Martin Luther King, Jr. s Civil Rights movement and the American struggle to end the Vietnam War† (Williams). During the fight for equal rights for Black Americans that took place in the 1950s and 60s, Martin Luther King Jr. relied on the principle of civil disobedience written a century earlier by Thoreau. While incarcerated in the Birmingham, in a letter known as the â€Å"Letter from the Birmingham Jail†, King wrote, â€Å"Over the past few years I have consistently p reached that nonviolence demands that the means we use must be as pure as the ends we seek. I have tried to make clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong, or perhaps even more so, to use moral means to preserve immoral ends† (King). Others followed Dr. King’s example of non-violent protest. One evening in December, 1955, on her way home from her job in downtown Montgomery Alabama, a woman, Rosa Parks, was asked to give up her seat to a white passenger on the bus she was riding. She refused. She was arrested and fined. This simple action inspired the Montgomery Bus Boycott. By June of 1956, the court declared Alabama’s racial segregation laws for public transit unconstitutional. The city appealed and on November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the lower court’s ruling. . . The city of Montgomery had no choice but to lift the law requiring segregation on public buses† ( Bio. True Story). Groups of individuals, when convinced that it is no longer acceptable to conform to the expectation of the ruler can make historical changes in the world in which they live. What causes one individual to become disobedient and another to remain obedient to the group rules? Most people want to believe that they think for themselves; however, when an individual is part of a social group that person will began to assume the group’s ideas and rules. Individuals may then find themselves engaged in a struggle in which they do not believe because of the social pressure to fit into a group. Additionally they may fear being an outcast. This is especially true if friends or family belong to the same group. Doris Lessing wrote â€Å"When we’re in a group, we tend to think as that group does: we may even have joined the group to find â€Å"like-minded† people. But we also find our thinking changing because we belong to a group. It is the hardest thing in the world to maintain an individual dissident opinion, as a member of a group†. (724) Universities over time have done a lot of research trying to understand why people obey and disobey. Most people believe they are good and trustworthy. These individuals feel no matter what occurs they will always try to do the right thing in their day to day life. In The Perils of Obedience, Milgram tells of a woman â€Å"that the last shock she administered to the learner was extremely painful and reiterates that she did not want to be responsible for any harm to him†. 695). Despite her desires she still administered the shock, thus being obedient to the person in charge and not to what she believed. Individuals who still believe in the concept called into question by the disobedient group, often feel intense pressure to maintain loyalty to the old ruling entity. In Doris Lessing’s article, Group Minds, she states â€Å"But the majority will continue to insist-speaking metaphorically-that black is white, and after a period of exasperation, irritation, even anger, certainly incomprehension, the minority will fall into line†. Pressure to conform can manifest itself in another way as well.. Individuals may feel compelled to follow the ideas and rules of someone else and follow that group of people no matter what path it my lead them down or where those ideas and rules may take them. Social pressure comes from everywhere; family, church, friends, jobs, co-workers, and etc.. During the height of the segregation movement in many of the minds of the south there are only two sides in this fight; for segregation or against segregation no fence riding. This concept is also apparent during times of conflict. For examples, during the Revolutionary War many colonists remained loyal to Great Britain. British sympathizers were called Tories. They often â€Å"agreed with the patriots about â€Å"no taxation without representation. † But they wanted to solve the dispute in such a way as to remain in the British Empire† (US Anabaptists). Following what you believe to be right will have consequences. For example, those wanting freedom from England formed a new country and enjoyed many rights and freedoms. All those remaining loyal to the king were considered traitors. â€Å"Most of the new states passed laws taking away the loyalists’ property. Patriot mobs attacked prominent Tories. Those found helping the British were imprisoned† (US Anabaptists).. Most people want to believe that they think for themselves; however, when an individual is part of a social group that person will began to assume the group’s ideas and rules. Individuals may then find themselves engaged in a struggle in which they do not believe because of the social pressure to fit into a group. Additionally they may fear being an outcast. This is especially true if friends or family belong to the same group. Doris Lessing wrote â€Å"When we’re in a group, we tend to think as that group does: we may even have joined the group to find â€Å"like-minded† people. But we also find our thinking changing because we belong to a group. It is the hardest thing in the world to maintain an individual dissident opinion, as a member of a group†. (724) In conclusion, it appears that a person is either obedient or disobedient based on the group to which he/she belongs. Inclusion in a particular group may be based on family culture as in the case of those loyal to the King in the Revolutionary War or those engaged in keeping in tact the segregated nature of the South before 1965. Other groups include religious groups, political groups, and special interest groups. While as a people we may like to believe that we think for ourselves, the facts point in a different direction. It would take a brave person indeed to stand on principles in the face of objections from the group to which he is most closely associated. Work Citied http://www.historycentral.com/revolt/causes.html http://abacus.bates.edu/admin/offices/dos/mlk/letter.html http://www.anabaptists.org/history/rev-war.html How to cite To Obey or Disobey, Essay examples

Cyber Bullying Management

Question: Describe about the Cyber Bullying? Answer: Introduction: Cyber bullying is an aggressive, intentional and repeated act carried out by an individual or by a group of people, who are using ICT (information and communication technology) as an instrument. In these cases victims are generally become unable to defend themselves or to terminate the act of bullying. Though cyber bullying is similar to traditional bullying to some extent, still power imbalance and repetition are not much easy to define in the case of cyber bullying. For example, once an embarrassing picture is uploaded, that can be viewed repeatedly, which can create a long humiliation. Review of literature: Previous author developed existing literature to examine the impact and incidents of cyber bullying. In this scenario out of 12 items or research 4 items are pertained to the frequency of threatening SMS, emails via internet. Participants have responded on the same on a five point scale with the attributes of once in a month, nearly every week, every few weeks, twice, only once and never. Students are asked four questions, based on which the frequency was determined, whether they have sent any threatening message to any other students at their school in form of email, SMS, images via internet or mobile phones (Sakellariou, Carroll and Houghton, 2012). There were also asked questions are determined to the students who got threats in school days via mail, SMS or picture. They were provided four scale questions, such as- I did not received threatening mail/ SMS/ picture/ chat line messages; they are asked, whether they are very upset, Fairly upset and little upset; again one more questi ons was asked to students that how hurtful it was to receive such threats based on six point scale, such as, I have not receive any threats/hurt regarding text/email image/ internet /message chatline, I am unable to compare, more threatening than face-to-face bullying, it is more or less same upsetting as face-to-face bullying, it was not upsetting at all. The internal reliability was estimated using Cronbachs alpha. As a very good reliability the overall alpha reading came up with .86, where range was .83 to .91 (Sakellariou, Carroll and Houghton, 2012). Methodology: Depending upon the assessed information, occurrence rate of cyber victimization and cyber bullying vary strongly. The definition of cyber bullying and the instrument on which assessment is conducted, the gender of the participants in the assessment, investigated age group, mobile phone and internet usage rate of the participants and issues faced by the participants (Rigby, 2007). General statements about the occurrence of cyber bullying from the participants is a bit difficult to segregate the data as the use of information and communication technology become so intense and common since few years. The havoc use of mobile phones, instant messaging using internet increased the cyber bullying in so many forms as a most frequently used media for cyber bullying. With this research, it is found that the one-third students have experienced the cyber bullying (Barlett and Coyne, 2014). Considering the age trend, it is reported that those who threats and the victim, both are more likely to increase form the range of 10 to 6 years. When it comes in the case of gender differences, it is reported that there is no gender differences and some findings conclude that girls to be victims and some time they become the perpetrator or the person behind the cyber bullying, there is also finding on boys, that shows more involvement in cyber victimization and cyber bullying (Benders, n.d.). Results: Cyber victimization comes up as a result of cyber bullying, where the victims are unable to defend themselves even experience such a situation, where they become helpless. According to this article 87% of the students accessed internet along with chat lines and 77.3% reported access to email, 89.9% student are using mobile telephone. It was also concluded that internet become the most common medium of cyber bullying. While 11.5% of participants experienced during their school years (Besag, 2010). Conclusion (1st article): Now a day technology has made way accessible to the whole world in terms of possibilities to the students. Students now have all the access to gather data with at their finger tips. The possibilities for socializing and learning become endless and also the possibilities to harm the others become huge (Morrow and Downey, 2013). Though cyber bullying is similar to traditional bullying to some extent, still it is difficult when an embarrassing picture is uploaded, that can be viewed repeatedly, which can create a long humiliation. Strict rules are needed to be imposed in order to circulate the message throughout the school premises that the bullying behavior will not be accepted and can have consequences. In this scenario, Students and parents are also need to be part of the solution (Tettegah and Hunter, 2006). Students are needed to be advised that they should open up their problems to their parents. Students should learn the safe practice of internet and mobile phones. Even bullied s tudents can advise younger students or less experienced to have safe practices on internet (US public-private partnership for cyber-security, 2010). Students who are new to the internet and mobile phones, they should have a manual form their school premises to have safe internet experience (Carpenter and Ferguson, 2009). Second article to support the conclusion made by previous article: This Research took place to investigate the impact of engaging the cyber bullying. As per the internet-enhanced self-disclosure hypothesis online communication result in a deep intimate self-disclosure. Todays havoc use of online communication no doubt has great impact while enhancing the quality of existing relationship, which in turn endorses the well being. The downside comes up when students provide their personal data and they make themselves vulnerable to experience cyber bullying (Cesaroni, Downing and Alvi, 2012). Impacts of cyber bullying are of different forms. Impacts are moderated by the factors such as Social integration, effectiveness of the way to cope up with the adopted strategies, self blaming attribute or social acceptance. As a whole, cyber bullying is correlated with the psychosocial fact. Studies are directly getting affected with impact of the cyber bullying (McQuade, Colt and Meyer, 2009). There are such cases where victims of cyber bullying experiences power imbalance. As the interactions based on technology can take place any time, victims become helpless if their threats remain anonymous even there is no other option to escape from the cyber bullying (von Marees and Petermann, 2012). From the aspect of distinguishing the cyber bulling, it can be said ambiguous, as the cyber bullies are hidden behind their cell or computer screen and physically far away. The fact of distance makes the cyber bullies able to remain hidden and to aggress against their victims (Cyber-security, 2014). Use of second article to expand my analysis: In the second article it was found that some concluded thoughts of different researchers, which will expand my analysis for a better understanding. In 2009, Katzer, Belschak and Fetchenhauer indentified a strong connection between conventional victimization between the cyber victimization and school. In schools cyber victims are generally victim of chat room bullying. In 2011, Hinduja and Patchin made it evident that those students, who have experienced negative emotions and stress full life events are more in numbers of those who participate in cyber bullying. In 2012, a finding by Kowalski supports the correlation between the youth and the cyber bullying. In this scenario, he stated the fact that if the youth keep involving to the traditional bullying at the school level, then the risk is greater to be involved in the cyber bullying (von Marees and Petermann, 2012). Implication of these two articles in terms of teaching practice: With above discussion of two articles it is needed for the administration and teachers to be aware that it needs to take care seriously irrespective of the place of occurrence of bullying. Wherever bullying occurs, such as school bus, play ground, bathroom or the so called use of internet and mobile phones, teachers and administration need to accentuate that it is not tattling. Students and parents are also need to be part of the solution (Mark and Ratliffe, 2011). Students are needed to be advised that they should open up their problems to their parents. Students should learn the safe practice of internet and mobile phones (à ¬Ã‚ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¬Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ªÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ½ and Insoo Oh, 2012). Even bullied students can advise younger students or less experienced to have safe practices on internet (Unger, 2011). Students who are new to the internet and mobile phones, they should have a manual form their school premises to have safe internet experience. Strict rules are needed to be imposed in or der to circulate the message throughout the school premises that the bullying behavior will not be accepted and can have consequences (Editorial: Cyber-bullying versus online privacy, 2007). Conclusion: Todays havoc use of online communication no doubt has great impact while enhancing the quality of existing relationship, which in turn endorses the well being. The downside comes up when students provide their personal data and they make themselves vulnerable to experience cyber bullying. Strict rules are needed to be imposed in order to circulate the message throughout the school premises that the bullying behavior will not be accepted and can have consequences. In this scenario, Students and parents are also need to be part of the solution. Students are needed to be advised that they should open up their problems to their parents. Students should learn the safe practice of internet and mobile phones. References Barlett, C. and Coyne, S. (2014). A meta-analysis of sex differences in cyber-bullying behavior: The moderating role of age. Aggressive Behavior, 40(5), pp.474-488. Benders, D. (n.d.). School Climate and Cyber-Bullying. SSRN Journal. Besag, V. (2010). Cyber Bullying: Bullying in the Digital Age. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15(2), pp.127-127. Carpenter, D. and Ferguson, C. (2009). The everything parent's guide to dealing with bullies. Avon, Mass.: Adams Media. Cesaroni, C., Downing, S. and Alvi, S. (2012). Bullying Enters the 21st Century? Turning a Critical Eye to Cyber-bullying Research. Youth Justice, 12(3), pp.199-211. Cyber-security. (2014). Network Security, 2014(1), p.4. Editorial: Cyber-bullying versus online privacy. (2007). New Scientist, 195(2613), p.5. Mark, L. and Ratliffe, K. (2011). Cyber Worlds: New Playgrounds for Bullying. Computers in the Schools, 28(2), pp.92-116. McQuade, S., Colt, J. and Meyer, N. (2009). Cyber bullying. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. Morrow, A. and Downey, C. (2013). Perceptions of adolescent bullying: Attributions of blame and responsibility in cases of cyber-bullying. Scand J Psychol, 54(6), pp.536-540. Rigby, K. (2007). Bullying in schools and what to do about it. Camberwell, Vic.: ACER. Sakellariou, T., Carroll, A. and Houghton, S. (2012). Rates of cyber victimization and bullying among male Australian primary and high school students. School Psychology International, 33(5), pp.533-549. Tettegah, S. and Hunter, R. (2006). Technology and education. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Unger, W. (2011). Cyber Security. Strategie und Sicherheit, 2011(1). US public-private partnership for cyber-security. (2010). Network Security, 2010(12), p.20. von Marees, N. and Petermann, F. (2012). Cyberbullying: An increasing challenge for schools. School Psychology International, 33(5), pp.467-476.  , and Insoo Oh, (2012). Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing on Off-line Bullying and Cyber-bullying. Asian Journal of Education, 13(2), pp.137-161.

College loans and who is borrowing Essays - Loans,

College loans and who is borrowing College loans and who is borrowing England-Siegerdt, (2011) writes on a current study found that the following types of students are less likely to borrow: first generation college students; females; students considered financially dependent on their parents; and students who are Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, or American Indian. The purpose of the study was to determine which students are likely to borrow from a federal student loan program. Therefore, the dependent variable was dichotomous based on whether the student borrowed from any of the following federal student loan programs: Perkins, Subsidized Stafford, Unsubscribed Stafford, or Parent PLUS. The variables included race and ethnicity, income, first generation status, age, gender, and dependency status. The independent variables were selected based on prior research on the impact of loans on college access and borrowing trends over time. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine if there were relationships between the six independent varia ble and student borrowing from federal loan programs. The six independent variables were a combination of continuous, categorical, and dichotomous variables. Since there were varying relationships to a dichotomous dependent variable, BLR was selected because of its ability to accommodate these conditions. The results suggest that some students are less likely to borrow from federal student loans programs than others. Being a first generation college student loan decreases the likelihood that a student will borrow. The same is true for students who are female and for students who are financially dependent on their parents. Students who are Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, or American Indian also have less likelihood of borrowing than white students. The results also show that certain students are more likely to borrow than others. For instance, older students have greater odds of borrowing from federal student loans programs than younger students. In addition, students from higher income families are more likely to borrow from a federal program. For those students, every $1000 of additional income increases the odds of borrowing 2.5%. African American students are also more likely to borrow than white students. England-Siegerdt, (2011) article results indicate that students who are White, older, male, financially independent of their parents, or have a higher family income are most likely to borrow. However, even though the current study also found that students who are first in their family to attend college, students from lower income families, and students from certain groups are less likely to borrow England-Siegerdt, (2011). Perna, (2008) study develops a better understanding of U.S. high school students perception of loans and the forces that shape these perceptions in particularly important, given the pervasiveness of loans as a means to finance the accelerating prices find that although virtually all students are aware of loans, willingness to borrow varies based on characteristics of the school attended. The study also describes how parents and school personnel influence students perceptions of loans. To better understand students perception of loans and the forces that contribute to these perceptions, this study relies on a multi-level conceptual model. The conceptual model draws on multiple theoretical perspectives and situates the college-enrollment decision-making process within several layers of context. The conceptual model assumes that students college-enrollment decisions are shaped by four nested contextual layers: the student and family context; the school and community context; the higher education context; and the broader social, economic, and policy context. Data collection and analyses research teams completed the protocols using multiple sources, including the demographic and academic school profile, a review of the federal, state and local policies, and individual and focus group interviews. At each school, a research team conducted focus groups with 9th and 11th grade students and 9th and 11th grade parents and semi-structured interviews with teachers and counselors. Between 20 and 58 students, teachers, counselors and parents participated in the study, for a total of 596 participants Perna, (2008) findings have several implications, first all participating students indicated that they are aware that loans are uses to finance postsecondary education expenses. Many acknowledge the ubiquity of loans and express a preference for other forms of aid, but are resigned that loans may be necessary to attend college. The primary and consistently articulated reason for wanting to minimize the use of loans pertains to the need to replay the

star trek essays

star trek essays Television programs provide one of the most popular forms of entertainment today. From The Simpsons to The X-Files, television shows amuse, shock, sadden, and excite us by turns. Television does more, however, than simply entertain. Television shows are cultural products, and as such, they reflect, reinforce, and challenge cultural ideas. It acts as a mirror and a model for society. In examining and understanding those cultural messages and popular appeal of certain television shows, we should understand something about the society that has created and sustained them. Arguably, Star Trek is one of the most popular television shows ever produced. Today Star Trek includes four television series and nine motion pictures . Like some of the other television shows, Star Trek has been subject to the vagaries of producers and writers so it is difficult to generalize about the intent of the authors of Star Trek or the viewpoint of the readers. Yet, it is also clear that Star Trek has at various times been reflective, informative, and critical about the culture -American culture- that produced it. Star Trek has addressed a wide variety of issues, including war, capitalism, individualism, technology, race, gender, prejudice, religion, etc. The list can be extended to many other issues but here I will focus on race, gender, prejudice and religion only. As portrayed on television such issues are representations of socio-cultural perspectives on broad human concerns. For taking a closer look to those issues, in the continuing parts I will give some exam ples from a number of Star Trek episodes that had written in different times. The portrayal and treatment of religion in the Star Trek television series and films provides an important cultural commentary on the place of religion in society. Although no single coherent approach to religion appears in Star Trek, the series is nevertheless variously reflective of, informed by, an...

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Night by Elie Wiesel - Essay Example The grave question of Elie Wiesel is how can the Nazis throw the babies into gas chambers and spray bullets to kill them in the most heinous options? The horrid conditions in the concentration camps baffle any sane individual. He and his father are often shifted to different camps and each time they think that it is the last journey and they are not sure of reaching another destination. With each shifting, the count of internees decline. They are killed like animals in a slaughterhouse. Animal slaughter has an economic perspective. Killings human beings with whom the killers have no previous personal enmity are heinous acts. Wiesel is just a boy of fifteen when he is separated from the rest of the family, but his father is with him. He finds inner strength to absorb the effect of such tragic events that engulf one after another only because his father is with him during the most critical phase of his life. Finally they are liberated by the Allied Forces. Wiesel is a writer by compulsion, not by choice. He candidly says that it is not his intention to describe the nature of brutalities and the main purpose of the book are committed to a hearty prayer that such gory incidents shall never be repeated by humanity. The commitment to world peace is possible, not through political philosophies, but change of heart of each individual. Religious tenets as they are practiced today by the followers will not herald the changing process. Not the blind following but practice of true spirituality can bring about the desired change. Spirituality is something that transcends the mind. At that level, all differences cease; conflicts are no more there. We need to give such an orientation to human beings, right from childhood. When the thought process of the individuals changes, the action process also changes! With such noble human beings, universal peace becomes an attainable reality. Notwithstanding his experiences at the portals of near death, wher e survival is a matter of chance, Elie Wiesel remains an optimist. He says in his Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech delivered in Oslo on December 10, 1986, â€Å"Thank you for building bridges between people and generations. Thank you, above all, for helping humankind make peace it’s most urgent and noble aspiration.†(117) He cautions people about complacency, why one must strive one’s best in performing one’s duty to humankind, â€Å"That I have tried to keep memory alive, that I have tried to fight those who would forget. Because if we forget, we are guilty, we are accomplices.†(118) The book is written straight from the heart by Wiesel. It value is, therefore, more than that of a well-researched document. Human heart is the best research laboratory. The devastating circumstances that he encounters as a young boy will turn any individual cynical and one’s belief systems will shatter. But Wiesel gradually draws strength from his inner world to reaffirm his belief that some Supreme Power runs the world. At the same time he lays much importance to the secular efforts that must continue without intermission to build

Michelangelo and Bernini Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Michelangelo and Bernini - Essay Example Before one can fully appreciate Michelangelo’s contribution to the Baroque style, more must be known about Michelangelo’s particular style as an architect. Michelangelo (1475-1564) is perhaps most famous for his frescoes painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. He is also well-known as a sculptor, having created numerous famous pieces such as David and the Pieta. However, he was also an accomplished architect. Having won fame and admiring support from the Pope to many other leaders of Renaissance Italy through his painting and sculptural talents, Michelangelo turned architect in his later years, smoothly incorporating his sculptural ideas of communicating through the stone with his natural ideas concerning his paintings to create unique works of art in things as utilitarian as a set of stairs for the Laurentian Library. While impressive and highly decorative, modern interpretations of this staircase criticize it for its massive use of space and for the nearly unusa ble aspects of the two outer lower stairways. However, Michelangelo’s architectural work demonstrates that he wasn’t as firmly entrenched in the Classical ideals of his time as his contemporaries. â€Å"Michelangelo generated sculptural detailing that marked the beginning of the Baroque and the end of purely classical architecture. Michelangelo emphasized visual effect over the structural logic of a design. He always subordinated invention to the needs of overall composition†.The way he accomplished this occurred.

Managing for the future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Managing for the future - Essay Example A detailed analysis of the management efforts put by the organizational leaders in the past decade would be presented later on. Additionally, the company’s management competence in the three chosen spheres would be examined by contrasting their past performances against their present proficiency in these aspects and by developing the scenario of the future in which the company would operate. This paper in no way presents a business report of ExxonMobil or its market analysis. It aims at successfully achieving the objective of this study, i.e., to make a historical analysis of the company, to study the management’s competence and to make a forecast of the company’s stand in the near future. The study is initiated with the key concepts in relation to the company background. Then the current achievements of the company will be discussed in light of these concepts and the critical view of the activities of the company would be presented in accord with the theoretical models and existing public opinion that affects the operations of the company. ExxonMobil: Company Profile Exxon Mobil Corporation, known as ExxonMobil, is a multinational corporation based in America (Exxonmobil, 2013a). It is the largest international publicly traded oil and gas company in the world with its headquarters located in Irving at Texas in the United States (Fleminggulf, 2013). The company came into being in its present form after the two companies Exxon and Mobil merged on November 30 in the year 1999. After the merger of Exxon and Mobil, the company has become a powerful organisation globally. The industry is becoming increasingly more competitive with the passing of each day and ExxonMobil is now considered an efficient global competitor. The performance of the company affects the world economy to a great extent. In 2012 ExxonMobil and Rosneft (a Moscow based oil and gas company) forged a joint venture for materializing a sweeping plan of exploring the massive shale formation in the Arctic and Siberian region. Exxon has announced that once this objective becomes successful the joint venture between the two companies would yield up to US $500 billion in different investments to be made by the companies in the future years. Presently, the company along with the â€Å"state owned Turkiye Petrolleri AO (TPAO)† (Fleminggulf, 2013) of Turkey is negotiating with the Turkey government to explore the estimated â€Å"15 trillion cubic feet of recoverable shale gas† (Fleminggulf, 2013) reserves located in Turkey. Currently, the company supplies energy to the other countries. It helps these countries particularly the growing economies in advancing themselves and improving the living standards in their countries (Exxonmobil, 2013b). The company goals are aligned with their social responsibilities and it utilizes its business strengths to establish an example of corporate citizenship that might be emulated by other companies. Defining the conc epts In this section the different concepts related to the three chosen areas for this study would be defined and explained. Every business operation is run with a profit motive. Popular belief holds that success is measured in business through measurement of the company’s financial returns, amount of dividend pay-outs and also the company’s liquidity standings. These are the financial measures of busines performance that concentrates mainly on the