Computer Memory - History, Timeline and More

Computer Memory - History, Timeline and More Drum memory, an early form of computer memory, used the drum as a working part,  with data loaded to the drum. The drum was a metal cylinder coated with a recordable ferromagnetic material. The drum also had a row of read-write heads that wrote and then read the recorded data. Magnetic core memory (ferrite-core memory) is another early form of computer memory. Magnetic ceramic rings called cores, stored information using the polarity of a magnetic field. Semiconductor memory is computer memory we are all familiar with, computer memory on an integrated circuit or chip. Referred to as random-access memory or RAM, it allowed data to be accessed randomly, not just in the sequence it was recorded. Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the most common kind of random access memory (RAM) for personal computers. The data the DRAM chip holds have to be periodically refreshed. Static random access memory or SRAM doesnt need to be refreshed. Timeline of Computer Memory 1834 - Charles Babbage begins to build his Analytical Engine, a precursor to the computer. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards. 1932 - Gustav Tauschek invents drum memory in Austria. 1936 - Konrad Zuse applies for a patent for his mechanical memory to be used on his computer. This computer memory is based on sliding metal parts. 1939 - Helmut Schreyer invents a prototype memory using neon lamps. 1942 - The Atanasoff-Berry Computer has 60 50-bit words of memory in the form of capacitors mounted on two revolving drums. For secondary memory, it uses punch cards. 1947 - Frederick Viehe of Los Angeles applies for a patent for an invention that uses magnetic core memory. Magnetic drum memory is independently invented by several people: An Wang invented the magnetic pulse controlling device, the principle upon which magnetic core memory is based.Kenneth Olsen invented vital computer components, best known for Magnetic Core Memory Patent No. 3,161,861 and as being the co-founder of Digital Equipment Corporation.Jay Forrester was a pioneer in early digital computer development and invented random-access, coincident-current magnetic storage. 1949 - Jay Forrester conceives the idea of magnetic core memory as it is to become commonly used, with a grid of wires used to address the cores. The first practical form manifests in 1952-53 and renders obsolete previous types of computer memory. 1950 - Ferranti Ltd. completes the first commercial computer with 256 40-bit words of main memory and 16K words of drum memory. Only eight were sold. 1951 - Jay Forrester files a patent for matrix core memory. 1952 - The EDVAC computer is completed with 1024 44-bit words of ultrasonic memory. A core memory module is added to the ENIAC computer. 1955 - An Wang was issued U.S. patent #2,708,722 with 34 claims for magnetic memory core. 1966 - Hewlett-Packard releases their HP2116A real-time computer with 8K of memory. The newly formed Intel starts to sell a semiconductor chip with 2,000 bits of memory. 1968 - USPTO grants patent 3,387,286 to IBMs Robert Dennard for a one-transistor DRAM cell. DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM (Random Access Memory) or Dynamic Random Access Memory. DRAM will become the standard memory chip for personal computers replacing magnetic core memory. 1969 - Intel begins as chip designers and produces a 1 KB RAM chip, the largest memory chip to date. Intel soon switches to being notable designers of computer microprocessors. 1970 - Intel releases the 1103 chip, the first generally available DRAM memory chip. 1971 - Intel releases the 1101 chip, a 256-bit programmable memory, and the 1701 chip, a 256-byte erasable read-only memory (EROM). 1974 - Intel receives a U.S. patent for a memory system for a multichip digital computer. 1975 - Personal consumer computer Altair released, it uses Intels 8-bit 8080 processor and includes 1 KB of memory. Later in the same year, Bob Marsh manufacturers the first Processor Technologys 4 kB memory boards for the Altair. 1984 - Apple Computers releases the Macintosh personal computer. It is the first computer that came with 128KB of memory. The 1 MB memory chip is developed.

How to Separate Salt and Sand †3 Methods

How to Separate Salt and Sand - 3 Methods One practical application of chemistry is that it can be used to help separate one substance from another. The reasons materials may be separated from each other is because there is some difference between them, such as size (separating rocks from sand), state of matter (separating water from ice), solubility, electrical charge, or melting point. Separating Sand and Salt Students are often asked to separate salt and sand to learn about mixtures and to explore the differences between forms of matter that can be used to separate mixture components.Three methods used to separate salt and sand are physical separation (picking out pieces or using density to shake sand to the top), dissolving the salt in water, or melting the salt.Probably the easiest method to separate the two substances is to dissolve salt in water, pour the liquid away from the sand, and then evaporate the water to recover the salt. Physical Separation of Salt and Sand Since both salt and sand are solids, you could get a magnifying glass and tweezers and eventually pick out particles of salt and sand. Another physical separation method is based on the different densities of salt and sand. The density of salt is  2.16  g/cm ³ while the density of sand is 2.65  g/cm ³. In other words, sand is slightly heavier than salt. If you shake a pan of salt and sand, the sand will eventually rise to the top. A similar method is used to pan for gold, since gold has a higher density than most other substances and sinks in a mixture. Separating Salt and Sand Using Solubility One method of separating salt and sand is based on solubility. If a substance is soluble it means it dissolves in a solvent.  Salt  (sodium chloride or NaCl) is an ionic compound that is soluble in water. Sand (mostly silicon dioxide) is not. Pour the salt and sand mixture into a pan.Add water. You dont need to add a lot of water. Solubility is a property that is affected by temperature, so more salt dissolves in hot water than cold water. Its okay if the salt doesnt dissolve at this point.Heat the water until the salt dissolves. If you get to where the water is boiling and there is still solid salt, you can add a bit more water.Remove the pan from heat and allow it to cool until its safe to handle.Pour the salt water into a separate container.Now collect the sand.Pour the salt water back into the empty pan.Heat the salt water until the water boils. Continue boiling it until the water is gone and youre left with the salt. Another way you could have separate the saltwater and sand would be to stir up the sand/saltwater and pour it through a coffee filter to capture the sand. Separating Mixture Components Using Melting Point Another method to separate components of a mixture is based on melting point. The melting point of salt is 1474 °F (801 °C), while that of sand is  3110 °F (1710 °C). Salt becomes molten at a lower temperature than sand. To separate the components, a mixture of salt and sand is heated above  801 °C, yet below  1710 °C. The molten salt may be poured off, leaving the sand.  Usually this in not the most practical method of separation because both temperatures are very high. While the collected salt would be pure, some liquid salt would contaminate the sand, like trying to separate sand from water by pouring off water. Notes and Questions Note, you could have simply let the water evaporate from the pan until you were left with the salt. If you had chosen to evaporate the water, one way you could have sped up the process would have been to pour the saltwater into a large, shallow container. The increased surface area would have exchanged the rate at which water vapor could have entered air. The salt did not boil away with the water. This is because the boiling point of salt is much higher than that of water. The difference between boiling points can be used to purify water via distillation. In distillation, the water is boiled, but is then cooled so it will condense from vapor back into water and can be collected. Boiling water separates it from salt and other compounds, like sugar, but it has to be carefully controlled to separate it from chemicals that have lower or similar boiling points. While this technique can be used to separate salt and water or sugar and water, it would not separate the salt and sugar from a mixture of salt, sugar, and water. Can you think of a way to separate sugar and salt? Ready for something more challenging? Try purifying salt from rock salt.

Introduction to Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Introduction to Business - Essay Example This is indicated as improved performance of the organization. Internal communication channels such as face-to-face communication are essential in maintaining employee relationship. For instance, face-to-face communication enables managers to build corporate teams within an organization. However, this is possible when an organization has effective communication channels. Positive attitude and effective corporate relations promote effective face-to-face communication. Effective communication channels ensure sustainability of business in the modern competitive world. This is because communication stands out as a significant competitive advantage that businesses can use to enhance their sustainability. Effective communication channels within an organization ensure that it benefits from a piece of information before its competitors take advantage of the information. This relates to effective internal and external communication. In this case, effective internal communication enables employees to respond to certain business information within minimal time. On the other hand, effective external communication channels enable businesses to have a significant influence on the market. This effectiveness builds the competitive advantage of a business. The growth of a business depends on effective communication channels. Organizational growth is both a strategic management and an objective aspect. Organization growth enables a business to withstand changes affecting its business environment. This includes changes that affect its market and production units. Effective communication channels create links between an organization and its environment. This enables organizations to have timely response to changes within its business environment. Timely responses towards a business environment enable a business to withstand competitiveness within an industry. For instances producers of mobile phones requires an

Journal article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal review - Article Example The same children perfectly conveyed probability concepts thru their own drawings, in which they described certain events that were impossible, likely and unlikely to happen. In other study, a teacher used an ordinary game with rolling dices, known to children of third grades, to convey the idea of experimental and theoretical probability. Children clearly understood how to use a fraction to represent theoretical probability of events, in this case, sum of the rolling dices. The author in her work described the methodology about how to teach a complex mathematical concept to students of third of graders. Probability – is a philosophical category, indicating the quantitative extent of the possible emergence of random events with fixed monitoring conditions, characterizing the stability of their relative frequencies. An elementary grade school teacher needs to convey this complex message to the small children. This is a difficult task, but has to be done. Educators task is to build strong foundations in the minds of those small children for future learning of mathematics. How to do it? This is where we need NCTM content and process standards. NCTM content and process standards describe in detail about how to accomplish this task. According to NCTM, educators need to build a curriculum focal point, to relate ideas, concepts, skills, and procedures that will serve the purpose of building foundation in children’s mind. To help the educators, NCTM has created a set of curriculum focal points. According to NCTM, it helps the educators to design and organize the next revisions of their expectations, standards, curriculum, and assessment programs. NCTM process standards emphasize on three things, (1) Problem Solving, (2) Reasoning and Proof, (3) Communication. I am now going to provide an analysis of Elaine Young’s article to demonstrate if it corresponds to NCTM content and process standards. The name of the article

Essay --

â€Å"You cannot hinder someone’s free will, that’s the first law of the Universe, no matter what the decision.† ― E.A. Bucchianeri One of the most controversial debates in the United States is abortion. It remains a highly politicized issue based on morality, gender roles, political ideology, personal responsi ¬bility and human rights. Even with increased state restrictions and the anti-choice movement’s efforts to limit abortion, half of unin ¬tended pregnancies in the United States still end in abortion (Mohr, 1979). When discussing abortion it is easy to get lost in your own views whether they are pro-choice or pro-life but ultimately one must remain mindful that though highly debatable; abortion is legal within the United States and it is the women’s choice what they decide to do with their bodies. This quote directly relates to the current Abortion Op-out policy revolving around abortion. The current debate of abortion surrounds around the most recent Affordable Car Act (healthcare reform law) which began under the Obama Administration. The law allows states (through legislation) to prohibit abortion coverage in qualified health plans offered through an exchange. If insurance coverage for abortion is included in a plan in the exchange, a separate premium is required for this coverage paid for by the policyholder. (Bailey, 2011) To this date close to 30 states have passed the Abortion Opt-Out Law and have already began enforcing it or plan to begin in 2014. In Michigan this law was initially vetoed by Governor Synder but later petitioned and will most likely be added to the ballot in November 2014. The enactment of this law has effects on the economy in many different ways. It has the ability to hinder a woman’s decisions when ... ...bortion laws and restrictions pro-choice are fighting to destroy those laws and restriction. It is a constant ongoing political battle for pro-choice and pro-life supporters as there will always be conflict regarding the issue. Conclusion All in all, it takes a lot of effort to evoke social change and make social policies. It takes the support of social movement organizations, political legislators, and community activist. Together they all look at the effects the policy would have on the economy and the individuals. When it comes to Abortion Opt-Out it has been founded that many American’s are in support of the law and while they do support abortion they do not wish public funds to pay for it. Though the restrictive laws are tedious and cumbersome the outcomes of the children who are born into families that want them ultimately have positive outcomes later in life.

“Frankenstein” by Mary Shelley Essay

The novel Frankenstein is about a man named Victor Frankenstein who wanted to tamper with life and death by â€Å"exploring unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation† (Shelley, pg.44). The novel Frankenstein has had continuing popularity ever since its publication in 1818 for many reasons. The main reason is that Frankenstein is a book that teaches lessons and morals that readers of all ages can appreciate and learn from for years to come. Frankenstein is a book that has been read and enjoyed by successive generations. In other words Frankenstein can be considered a classic novel. Frankenstein is a novel that shows the reader there is a way to achieve immortality, but also reveals many important things about human nature and emotions. Frankenstein is a novel about how to defy death. Ever since Egyptians and their beliefs of a life after death, people have found overcoming death to be fascinating. Death is something that is not understood completely by humans, it is frightening as well as scary. This is portrayed in Frankenstein when the creature is looked down upon by society because he looked different from them and they did not understand him. People are scared of what they do not understand, which is why they were frightened by Victor’s monster. The novel fascinates people because death has been overcome. Being able to create life from something that is non-living is just like cheating death. People like to have control over it, which is what people want in the first place. Frankenstein is a novel that shows the reader there is a way to defy death, which is why the novel has enjoyed continuing popularity ever since publication in 1818. Frankenstein reveals many things about humanity. The creature has the same feelings that all humans do including love, anger, sadness, happiness, confusion and so on. When talking of the family that the creature lived beside in the woods he says, â€Å"†¦when they were unhappy, I felt depressed; when they rejoiced, I sympathized in their joys† (96). Just because the creature is able to distinguish between these emotions and have feelings for other forms of life is enough to say that he is human. The only thing that makes him different from human beings is the way he looks and the way he was brought into the world. Just because a baby is born with a deformity that  makes them look different from other people does not mean they are not human, they are just different. Since the creature is considered human, Frankenstein shows the reader what can happen to the human nature when it is abandoned of all forms of communication and love from others. The author is trying to show that the creature had the ability to be a kind and decent being, but because it is denied the basic human needs of communication and love from others, it resorts to an evil attitude. The unfortunate creature was abandoned and everything it knows about life and values was completely self-taught. The creature resorts to evil doings because no one has taught him right from wrong or how to deal with the emotions that he is feeling. Victor’s creature feels abandoned by his creator and does not know how to deal with these feelings. He does not even know why he was created in the first place after the cottagers that he has grown to love turned their backs on him. The creature curses his creator and questioned his existence by saying, â€Å"Cursed, cursed creator! Why did I live?†(98) These feelings towards abandonment are similar to the emotions that humans feel when people that are supposed to love them abandon them. The novel reveals many things about humanity that are not often discussed or thought about by humans. In conclusion, Frankenstein has experienced such continued success for several reasons. In one aspect it is a simple novel about defying death and achieving what many people have been fascinated with for centuries, which is immortality. On the other hand, it is an emotional story about a tragic creature that is forced to live in society that rejects him. It offers a close up into the creature’s emotions and shows a side of humanity that people do not normally have the chance to see. Because Frankenstein fascinated the simple concept of death as well as the idea of the power of humanity to affect human emotions and reactions, it has become a novel that has been and will continue to be read for ages. Frankenstein is clearly a classic novel.

Performance Enhancing Drugs Are Dangerous - 1823 Words

Performance Enhancing Drugs are dangerous Did you know that around twenty two percent of suicide cases are related to drug use (â€Å"Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )? Or that eighteen percent of family homicides are related to drug use (â€Å"Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )? Steroids have been used in sports since the early olympics when athletes ate plants with natural growth hormones and that produce more testosterone (â€Å"Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Steroid use since then has changed. Drugs are now faster, more productive, and easier to obtain. This is good for patients who require these to survive, but are very dangerous to those with different intentions. Performance enhancing drugs are addictive, illegal, prevent growth, and can be very deadly to anyone, no matter the age. Performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) cause heart problems, deformities, and sometimes death. Steroids are just one type of the dangerous PEDs the world has. Steroids can be anabolic, produces muscle growth, or synthetic, man made (Mayo Clinic Staff). Anabolic effects in men include forming breasts, baldness, shrunken testicles, infertility, impotence, and many more that can be serious and lead to cancer (Mayo Clinic Staff). Anabolic effects in women include a deeper voice, increased body hair, baldness, and infrequent or absent periods, which could lead to infertility (Mayo Clinic Staff). Anabolic steroids cause acne, tumors, liver failure, high blood pressure, and circulatory problems in both men and women (Mayo Clinic Staff). Another type of steroid is synthetic, or manShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs1425 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican footballer. This is just one of many athletes who have took performance enhancing drugs in the past and have lived t o regret it. Never before has there been so much help for athletes. Today technology, coaches and equipment has never been better. However, cheating within sport has never been such a problem before. 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